The encroachment of protected areas for agricultural and livestock production is an important challenge for nature conservation in developing countries. The driving forces

Lands of industrial regions are often subjected to long-term contamination with heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, lead, copper etc. Heavy metals circulate mostly due to water flows, and in the areas with humid (micro) climate, the heavy metal pollution propagates from sources with increased intensity because of acidic environment and soil water logging. We established that natural or artificial drainage effectively increases the washout of heavy metal pollutants due to subsurface and groundwater flows.

Forests and forestry play important roles in Austria with its close to 50/ forest cover. This paper provides details about the Austrian forest carbon inventory, discusses briefly the sources and sinks accounted under the land use, land use change and forestry articles of the Kyoto Protocol, and presents an integrated carbon model (Austrian C-Balance Model) that was developed to include not only the forest sector, but other sectors that are greenhouse-gas relevant.

We summarize existing theoretical claims linking poverty to rates of deforestation and then examine this linkage empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities in deforestation. Our data facilitate an empirical analysis of the implications for deforestation of where the poor live. Without controlling for this, impacts of poverty per se are confounded by richer areas being different from the areas inhabited by the poor, who we expect to find on more marginal lands, for instance less profitable lands.

The Danish national reports on land-use change and forestry has so far only considered C sequestration in existing forests and in afforestation areas on former arable land. The standing stock of wood in existing forests was 55.2 millions cubic m in 1990, and the annual net increment for 1990-1999 (wood increment minus harvested wood) was around 600,000 cubic m equivalent to 916 Gg CO2 per year. It is the strategy of the Danish Government to double the forested area over the next 80-100 years by encouraging afforestation of arable land.

We review claims about the potential for carbon markets that link both payments for carbon services and poverty levels to ongoing rates of tropical deforestation. We then examine these effects empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities in deforestation. We find significant effects of the relative returns to forest on deforestation rates. Thus, carbon payments would induce conservation and also carbon sequestration, and if land users were poor could conserve forest while addressing rural poverty.

Study of the effects of land use on water and soil quality change at Kuan Kreng peatlands was divided in 3 parts: water quality, soil quality, and the effects of water and soil quality to utility of people in Kuan Kreng peatlands. The result of the studies found that water quality in Kuan Kreng peatlands had pH, temperature, dissolve oxygen, BOD, and ammonia-nitrogen as between 2.00-5.78, 25.1-28.9 deg C, 8.4-87.0 NTU, 1.1-5.4 mg/l, 2.5-31.1 mg/l and 0.0252-0.1939 mg/l, respectively. While highest phosphate-phosphorus was 0.0752 mg/l and lowest could not be detected.

"July 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-41).
The paper presents a "Watershed Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model "for the Olifants River Catchment." A CGE provides an appropriate framework in which to explore policy alternatives for achieving more efficient water and land use.