Burundi’s national land commission: How fairly does it resolve land disputes?

For most Burundians, land is both history and livelihood. In a densely populated country where almost nine out of 10 citizens are subsistence farmers, land ownership is a desperate need and a flashpoint for conflict exacerbated by ethnic cleavages and waves of migration and return. 

During a genocide in 1972 and a civil war in 1993-2005, Burundi witnessed the exodus of hundreds of thousands of its citizens (Lemarchand, 2008, 1996; Bhavnani & Backer, 2000). Much of their land was given to others (Uvin, 1999). Refugees who returned – again by the hundreds of thousands – faced “new owners” working the land that had once been their livelihood (Johnson, 2014). 

To address land disputes, the government, in line with the Arusha agreement ending the civil war, created the National Commission on Land and Other Assets (Commission Nationale Terres et Autres Biens, or CNTB) in 2006. While the land commission does not have the powers of a court of law, it functions as a mediator between contesting factions (Johnson, 2014) – a critical role if communities are to heal and progress. 

This dispatch examines how ordinary Burundians perceive the workings of the CNTB. Afrobarometer survey data show that Burundians are keenly aware of the land commission’s existence and that while more than half say it is doing its job in an evenhanded manner, a significant part of the population – one in three – see it as biased.