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Displaying 171 - 175 of 2117CU-SCR
General
Lao PDR is a water rich country, benefitting from the water resources of the Mekong River, tributaries and many smaller water bodies that contribute greatly to national economic development and the livelihoods of local communities. While water demand remains low in terms of per-capita public consumption, in recent years, water resources have gained greater prominence due to the increasing role of hydropower and irrigation in economic development. Largescale construction of dams on the Mekong River and tributaries is expected to impact the hydrological profile and biodiversity of these systems and exacerbate the impact of projected climate change trends related to the flow regimes and by altering processes of erosion and sediment deposition. The total annual water flow in Lao PDR is estimated at 270 billion meters – equivalent to 35% of the average annual flow of the entire Mekong River Basin. Although classified as a low risk (89) on the global Climate Risk Index Lao PDR remains vulnerable primarily to hydrometeorological hazards. Seasonal flooding is common within the eight river basins across the country. Most vulnerable areas are the low-lying flood plains along the Mekong River and its major tributaries in the northern, central and southern regions. The majority of the population resides in rural areas with 72% (in 2015) of the working population employed in the agriculture sector. Poverty is concentrated in remote and rural areas, particularly those inhabited by ethnic communities. Predicted change in climate include increased rain fall of 10-30% andincreased frequency and intensity of extreme weather (floods and droughts). The Mekong and Sekong river basins are prone to regularflooding, exacerbated by deforestation and land degradation due toagricultural practices. Lao PDR has transitioned from a primarily disaster response approach to a risk management approach with the establishment of the National Disaster Prevention and Control Committee (NDPCC) and the National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) with the National Disaster Management Office acting as the Secretariat. A Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) wasalso established by decree in 2013. DRM structures at sub-national levels include Provincial Disaster Prevention and Control Committees (PDPCCs) district equivalents (DDPCCs) and at the village level, Village Disaster Prevention Units (VDPU). VDPUs act as the interface between communities and the government system and include representatives of community-based organizations (CBOs), traditional leaders and other community actors. Oxfam has extensive experience in working with these structures including for participatory vulnerability assessments and planning and linking these to the formal DRM structures. Key challenges include resourcing to the DRM structures, coordination between agencies and the need to integrate DRM approaches into development planning given the socio-economic needs in remote areas. Community-participatory DRM approaches are priorities to bridge the gap between formal and informal structures and in recognition of the challenges of service delivery in remote communities. Gender: Despite a policy environment that promotes genderequality (Law on Development and Protection of Women 2004 and Law on Preventing and Combatting Violence against Women and Children 2014) and an overall decrease in the inequality gap between women and men; women are still less likely to attain secondary education compared to men, are less likely to be literate compared to men and due to early marriage are more likely to drop out of school. During disasters women, particularly those from ethnic minorities, are disproportionately impacted partly because theyare more likely to operate in the informal economy, have less access to social protection systems and experience increased exposure to gender-based violence. Traditional beliefs and social norms limit the role women play outside the home and this also extends to DRM structures and practices where the perspectives of women and the role they can play may not be realised unless specific steps are taken. Riverine community vulnerability: Across the country communities in rural areas reliant on agricultural, fisheries and forest resource have heightened vulnerability to recurring hydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, drought, storms, land erosion, earthquakes and pandemics due to the increasing impact of climate change. Vulnerability is not evenwith women, ethnic minorities and remote communities considered more vulnerable. The increasing unpredictability of rain fall and flood patterns that irrigate fields, replenish fisheries and nurture forest and wetlands challenge traditional systems and practices require other forms of information and support to adapt livelihoods reliant on these resources and reduce the impact of extreme weather events. This requires strengthening ofcommunity capacity to understand and assess these changes and impact atthelocal level including the differential impact on women and other social groups; and to collectively plan inclusive strategies to adapt current livelihood practices and strategies while at the same time continuing their day-to-day smart livelihood activities. Local authority capacity: At the local level where policy meets implementation, there are key gaps particularly related to the interface between communities and formal DRM committees at the commune/local authority levels. The integration of investment in DRM and CCA into cyclical local development planning is a key gap despite existing policies that promote community-based approaches. This is largely due to competing priorities at this level and the need for meaningful participatory approachesto be effective that are often beyond the skill set, experience, and time availability/priorities of officials at this level. The integration of community perspectives and analysis into local development planning is also hindered by traditional top-down governmental approaches reflecting power differentials related to resources, roles and social hierarchy including gendered attitudes, norms, and behaviours. Access to data/information: Laos has invested in data gathering and dissemination systems for DRM using a range of hydro-meteorological data sources including rain and river gauges, remote sensing, and weather forecasting technology such as radar and satellite imagery. Delivery systems include pilot warning announcement via mobile messages, installationofloudspeakers at districts and villages, construction of flood protection barrier and warning systems, and various data sharing platforms targeting local DRM committees and riverine communities directly. Understanding what data is available, collected by whom and the social-political factors determining availability, accessibility, useability, and timeliness of data (includinggender, ethnicity, location etc) is of key importance as is incorporation of local and traditional knowledge and experience to inform how the data is used. The Strengthening Climate Resilience (SCR) project seeks to strengthen the resilience of communities living along the Mekong River and tributaries to impacts of climate change. This project builds upon Oxfam and partners’ existing work. SCR will work with riverine communities representing some of the most vulnerable in Luang Prabang and Champasak provinces. Specific communities are also selected based on Oxfam’s understanding of needs, and on existing relationships with projectpartners under the ongoing Inclusion Project Phase II (IP2).
Promoting Pro-Poor, Climate Compatible Energy for Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Economic Develop
General
The overall aim of this project is to promote informed, inclusive and integrated local and national discussion of the economic, environmental and social cost-benefit analysis of different energy pathways for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction in Kenya. In particular, the aim is to frame this discussion from an “energy for national development” rather than – or rather than solely – a “climate protection” perspective in order to get greater political traction. The project comes at a critical time for influencing the implementation and financing of Kenya’s national energy and climate change policies . Kenya’s 2030 economic vision is for a 10% increase in GDP from 2012 onwards with energy as one of the key sectors for reform. In terms of its development needs, the Kenyan population is growing at a high rate, which has led to increase in demand for resources such as energy, food, and infrastructure – in the case of energy access, population growth is outstripping electrification. 67% of Kenyan citizens live in rural areas. Up to 90% of people living in these areas lack access to electricity, and rely on crude and unsustainable forms of energy supply such as traditional bio-mass. This project also reflects a crucial moment for local development in Kitui County, where CAFOD’s strategic partner Caritas Kitui works. Planned open-cast, lignite coal extraction in the Mui Basin, Kitui County starting in 2016 could have potentially devastating economic, social, and environmental impacts on local communities, including on their food and water security and their land rights. Again, there is a huge information and analysis gap among local communities, and other stakeholders, including County and National government, and Catholic Bishops on the implications of the coal investments for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction in Kitui. It is vital that a baseline study be carried out before any coal investment-related activities begin.
What to plant, when and where? - designing integrated forest-agricultural landscapes to enhance multiple livel
General
The overall aim of our project is to investigate biological and human well-being benefits provided by natural capital (sensu agroforestry) in tropical landscapes of Sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated land management that exploits natural capital (e.g. natural and semi-natural habitats and their resources) for benefits to and from agriculture has been identified as a key component of sustainable agricultural intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa by academics and practitioners. Small-holder farmers traditionally recognise the benefits natural habitats can provide to agriculture. But research on underlying 'best practice' for improved crop yields is rare. Large knowledge gaps exist on the potential of natural capital for improving crop production whilst protecting biodiversity, clean water and resources such as timber, food, medicine and fuel. Data gaps are considerable on the biological mechanisms that underlie the benefits of natural capital for agriculture. Both knowledge and data gaps create perception challenges ('how useful is natural capital and is it necessary?) and these in turn hinders the targeted uptake of integrated land management for agricultural intensification in small-holder and industrial farms. Our research will fill these gaps combining social and ecological method advances to quantify how and to what extent integrated landscape management can enhance benefits to and from agriculture. Working with rural farmers, agribusiness, development and education practitioners, research organisations and government in Tanzania, we will collect and analyse ecological and socio-economic data from our study landscape in Tanzania to address four key objectives. Our study landscape (~ 20 km x 40 km) encompasses part of a corridor along the border between the fragile forests of the Udzungwa Mountains and the productive croplands of the Kilombero Valley, a water catchment area and an important ecological hotspot. First, we will investigate the four key benefits provided by the study landscape: these include crop yields, soil health, biodiversity (in particular abundance of pollinators and natural enemies of pests and their interactions with food plants and habitats), and human-wellbeing. Second, we will investigate the spatial dependencies of these four benefits on natural and semi-natural habitats and their distribution in the landscape. Third, we will develop models that predict changes in these four benefits following restoration or loss of semi-natural and natural habitats in the study landscape. These will allow us to design landscapes and management that would maximise the four benefits. And fourth, we will investigate the drivers for decision-making by farmers and agribusiness on the management of farms and the wider landscape. We will develop a tool that allows us to visualise those drivers and how they translate into decision-making and subsequently into agricultural productivity. Our project's research focus is on impact aiming to maximise the utilisation of natural capital for food security and human-wellbeing. This builds on the definition of sustainable resource as 'use of resources at rates that do not exceed the capacity of the Earth to replace them'. The research builds on evidence that agroforestry can substantially benefit crops, soil and biodiversity linked to pollination and pest control, whilst generating local (food, timber, firewood, medicine) and global (climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation) environmental benefits. Our research will build on long-term partnerships established in the study landscape with farmers, agribusiness and government to achieve that impact.
Objectives
The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world.
CARITAS - Protection Humanitaire au Cœur de l’Action (PROHUMA)
General
Premier pays d’Afrique pour l’accueil des réfugiés, l’Ouganda fait face à un sous-financement chronique de l’aide humanitaire dans les settlements de l’Ouest (qui accueillent les réfugiés congolais) et du Nord (réfugiés sud-soudanais). Les principaux problèmes rencontrés en Ouganda pour la prise en charge des réfugiés incluent : La protection de l’enfance : les leçons tirées du travail de Caritas avec les mineurs non-accompagnés dans les camps de réfugiés révèlent qu'il existe de nombreuses lacunes non comblées, notamment l'accès à la justice et le respect des lois internationales de protection à l’enfance. Les systèmes communautaires de protection de l'enfance sont faibles voire inexistants. La violence sexuelle basée sur le genre (VSBG) : les évaluations menées ont révélé des retards dans la notification des cas de VSBG en raison de l'ignorance des mécanismes d'orientation, du manque d'intérêt des parents et de la rigidité culturelle qui mettent en péril la santé et l'avenir des victimes. Le manque de protection par rapport aux cas de viols, de violence domestique, de violence sexuelle et le sexe de survie constituent les risques principaux dans ce secteur. La réintégration socio-économique : les entretiens avec des informateurs clés soulignent la nécessité d'étendre les activités socio-économiques dans les camps. Cependant le HCR a subi une réduction budgétaire de 17% entre 2020 et 2021 et le PAM a été obligé d’appliquer des réductions importantes au cash alimentaire (enveloppe réduite de UGX 31.000 à 19.000). Or les réfugiés dépendent très largement des rations alimentaires ou de leur équivalent en espèces pour survivre. Certains repartent dans leur pays d’origine par manque d’aide humanitaire en Ouganda. Le système judiciaire manque de financement et de ressources ; cela provoque une prestation de services légaux insuffisante et un accès marginal à la justice, en particulier pour les réfugiés. Il y aussi un retard significatif pour traiter les dossiers, notamment les dossiers des réfugiés. Cela décourage les victimes à se confier à la justice. La région de Diffa (Sud-Est) reste extrêmement volatile et fait face à de nombreux déplacements de population. À titre d’exemple, en avril 2021, suite aux attaques répétées à Damassak et à Gaidam (Nord du Nigéria), plus de 9.000 personnes ont trouvé refuge dans les localités de Chétimari et de Gagamari, avec une proportion importante d’enfants non accompagnés ; à Mainé Soroa, on dénombre plus de 6.000 personnes réfugiées ou déplacées. Cette situation influence gravement la protection des personnes (réfugiés, déplacés, retournés et hôtes) et les mécanismes communautaires de protection. Les enfants sont particulièrement vulnérables et subissent de nombreux incidents tels que : séparation familiale, abandon, détresse psychologique, recrutement forcé par des groupes armés, exploitation et maltraitance par les marabouts, travail forcé, mariage précoce et forcé, sexe de survie et exploitation sexuelle. Le manque de documentation juridique et civile et les difficultés pour enregistrer les nouveau-nés posent également problème, notamment pour les déplacés internes. En ce qui concerne les VBG, on relève notamment des cas de violences conjugales, ainsi que des harcèlements sexuels occasionnés le plus souvent au moment de la corvée d’eau et des besoins naturels aux alentours des villages. La cohésion sociale entre les communautés est également fragilisée. Des tensions entre communautés ne sont pas rares (bagarres, invectives, stigmatisations, accusations de toutes sortes, conflits entre agriculteurs et éleveurs). Dans les centres urbains aussi, des tensions entre jeunes de différents quartiers débouchent fréquemment sur des bagarres violentes. Ces jeunes, souvent au chômage et déscolarisés, s’organisent en gangs et s’adonnent à différentes formes de banditisme : drogue, agressions, harcèlements, braquages, viols. A cette situation de crise sécuritaire s’ajoute une précarité économique des communautés suite à la fermeture des frontières avec le Nigeria (limitant les échanges). L’enchainement des déficits céréaliers et fourragers entraine une insécurité alimentaire cyclique et une baisse des revenus liés à la vente des animaux. Dix ans après le début de la crise syrienne, la Jordanie accueille toujours 665.404 réfugiés syriens enregistrés auprès du HCR. La très grande majorité, soit 80.7% de cette population, vit dans des zones urbaines et rurales, hors des camps de réfugiés. Avant même le début de la guerre en Syrie, le pays faisait déjà face à des problèmes de pauvreté extrême. Les femmes et les enfants en particulier sont parmi les plus vulnérables et ne peuvent compter sur un système de sécurité sociale défaillant. Ces groupes sont les premières victimes de la violence, notamment liée au genre, ainsi qu’en témoignent les taux très élevés de criminalité qui auxquels font face ces groupes. Les défis sont nombreux pour prévenir et répondre à cette violence, en ciblant particulièrement les enfants à risque, le travail des enfants et les mariages précoces. À cause de la crise économique régionale, exacerbée par la guerre en Syrie, les réfugiés syriens, tout comme les plus pauvres Jordaniens, ont épuisé leurs mécanismes de survie. Des études récentes montrent que depuis le début de la pandémie Covid-19, la pauvreté a augmenté de 38% au sein de la population jordanienne et de 18% pour les réfugiés syriens. Selon le HCR, plus de 400.000 réfugiés ont fui le pays depuis 2015, la Tanzanie étant leur principal pays d’accueil. Le choc lié à la pandémie de Covid-19 est venu interrompre une reprise économique fragile et a impacté la croissance économique estimée à 0,3 % en 2020 contre 1,8 % en 2019. La population burundaise (y compris les déplacés internes et les personnes qui retournent dans leur région d’origine) souffre de plus en plus des effets de la dégradation de la situation socio-économique. Le niveau d’insécurité alimentaire, presque deux fois plus élevé que la moyenne des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, est alarmant : environ 2 millions de personnes souffrent d’insécurité alimentaire. Près de la moitié de la population est touchée par la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, ce qui signifie qu’elle n’a pas ou peu accès aux services de base (santé, éducation) et que ses besoins essentiels ne sont pas satisfaits. Les femmes et les enfants sont particulièrement vulnérables aux risques de protection, notamment aux violences basées sur le genre (VBG) et à la traite des personnes. La santé reproductive des femmes et des filles, leur autonomisation et leur participation au marché du travail reste problématique dans l’ensemble du pays. Malgré le rôle essentiel qu’elles jouent pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des ménages, les femmes restent confrontées à un accès inéquitable aux facteurs de production, dont l'accès à la propriété foncière. Cette précarité structurelle est renforcée dans les situations de déplacement, notamment du fait de la diminution des moyens de subsistance et de l’accès aux services de base pouvant entrainer des stratégies risquées de survie et augmenter le risque de VBG et de traite des personnes.
Objectives
Prévention et réduction des vulnérabilités des groupes les plus exposés aux violences lors de crises humanitaires à travers le renforcement d‘un environnement de protection accessible et digne. Prévention et réduction des vulnérabilités des groupes les plus exposés aux violences lors de crises humanitaires à travers le renforcement d‘un environnement de protection accessible et digne. Prévention et réduction des vulnérabilités des groupes les plus exposés aux violences lors de crises humanitaires à travers le renforcement d‘un environnement de protection accessible et digne. Prévention et réduction des vulnérabilités des groupes les plus exposés aux violences lors de crises humanitaires à travers le renforcement d‘un environnement de protection accessible et digne. Renforcement de la protection humanitaire des réfugiés, des ménages déplacés internes, des ménages retournés et des communautés hôtes, et soutien à la cohésion sociale et la coexistence pacifique entre les différents groupes communautaires au Burundi, Niger, Jordanie et Ouganda Renforcement de la protection humanitaire des réfugiés, des ménages déplacés internes, des ménages retournés et des communautés hôtes, et soutien à la cohésion sociale et la coexistence pacifique entre les différents groupes communautaires au Burundi, Niger, Jordanie et Ouganda Renforcement de la protection humanitaire des réfugiés, des ménages déplacés internes, des ménages retournés et des communautés hôtes, et soutien à la cohésion sociale et la coexistence pacifique entre les différents groupes communautaires au Burundi, Niger, Jordanie et Ouganda Renforcement de la protection humanitaire des réfugiés, des ménages déplacés internes, des ménages retournés et des communautés hôtes, et soutien à la cohésion sociale et la coexistence pacifique entre les différents groupes communautaires au Burundi, Niger, Jordanie et Ouganda Résultat 1 : La protection des groupes les plus vulnérables est renforcée à travers la protection de l’enfance, la réduction de la violence basée sur le genre et le renforcement de la cohésion sociale et pacifique Résultat 2 : Réinsertion socio-économique des victimes (IDPs, retournés, refugiés en privilégiant les groupes les plus vulnérables (femmes cheffes de ménage, enfants chefs de ménage, familles avec des personnes moins valides. Résultat 3 : L’accompagnement légal et juridique pour personnes déplacées internes, refugiées et retournées est assuré Résultat 1 : La protection des groupes les plus vulnérables est renforcée à travers la protection de l’enfance, la réduction de la violence basée sur le genre et le renforcement de la cohésion sociale et pacifique Résultat 2 : Réinsertion socio-économique des victimes (IDPs, retournés, refugiés en privilégiant les groupes les plus vulnérables (femmes cheffes de ménage, enfants chefs de ménage, familles avec des personnes moins valides. Résultat 3 : L’accompagnement légal et juridique pour personnes déplacées internes, refugiées et retournées est assuré Résultat 1 : La protection des groupes les plus vulnérables est renforcée à travers la protection de l’enfance, la réduction de la violence basée sur le genre et le renforcement de la cohésion sociale et pacifique Résultat 2 : Réinsertion socio-économique des victimes (IDPs, retournés, refugiés en privilégiant les groupes les plus vulnérables (femmes cheffes de ménage, enfants chefs de ménage, familles avec des personnes moins valides. Résultat 3 : L’accompagnement légal et juridique pour personnes déplacées internes, refugiées et retournées est assuré Résultat 1 : La protection des groupes les plus vulnérables est renforcée à travers la protection de l’enfance, la réduction de la violence basée sur le genre et le renforcement de la cohésion sociale et pacifique Résultat 2 : Réinsertion socio-économique des victimes (IDPs, retournés, refugiés en privilégiant les groupes les plus vulnérables (femmes cheffes de ménage, enfants chefs de ménage, familles avec des personnes moins valides. Résultat 3 : L’accompagnement légal et juridique pour personnes déplacées internes, refugiées et retournées est assuré
Target Groups
Le programme assistera un total de 139.200 personnes qui se répartissent comme suit entre les quatre pays : Burundi : 40.500 personnes Jordanie : 11.000 personnes Niger : 63.700 personnes Ouganda : 24.000 personnes Le programme assistera un total de 139.200 personnes qui se répartissent comme suit entre les quatre pays : Burundi : 40.500 personnes Jordanie : 11.000 personnes Niger : 63.700 personnes Ouganda : 24.000 personnes Le programme assistera un total de 139.200 personnes qui se répartissent comme suit entre les quatre pays : Burundi : 40.500 personnes Jordanie : 11.000 personnes Niger : 63.700 personnes Ouganda : 24.000 personnes Le programme assistera un total de 139.200 personnes qui se répartissent comme suit entre les quatre pays : Burundi : 40.500 personnes Jordanie : 11.000 personnes Niger : 63.700 personnes Ouganda : 24.000 personnes
Protecting and Restoring the Ocean’s natural Capital, building Resilience and supporting region-wide Investm
Objectives
Protecting, restoring and harnessing the natural coastal and marine capital of the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystems to catalyze investments in a climate-resilient, sustainable post-covid Blue Economy, through strengthened regional coordination and collaboration, and wide-ranging partnerships.
Other
Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.
Target Groups
The dependency of the societal and economic dimensions of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda on a healthy biosphere and on “Life Below Water” (“Sustainable Development Goal” or “SDG “ #14) is clearly captured in the representation by the Stockholm Resilience Centre of the 17 SDG’s shown in Figure 21 here below, with the biosphere underpinning healthy economies and societies.By contributing to the protection, restoration and harnessing of the coastal and marine capital of the CLME+ Region, the project will contribute to improvements in the socio-economic well-being of the region as a whole by:? Enhancing coordination related to ocean governance through the operations of the Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM) that is expected to contribute to ocean sustainability and support the transition towards sustainable ocean-based economies. It is anticipated that the OCM will also increase the capacity of governments to make more effective decisions relevant to the ocean and ocean-related sectors through improved regional monitoring and reporting processes, generating cascading effects towards an improvement of the livelihoods of local inhabitants.? Developing a cyclical Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis/Strategic Action Program (“TDA/SAP”) process, including the coordination of the periodic assessment of and reporting on the state of the marine environment and associated economies (SOMEE), and facilitating the development and implementation of regional programs and SAPs by countries, IGOs and other partners. Both the SOMEE and SAP will support regional, national, and local planning/sustainability efforts by providing an enabling environment to make scientifically informed, strategic decisions related to ocean governance and management in an efficient manner.? Supporting measures that will promote the sustainability of marine resources for the benefit of all inhabitants of the CLME+ region, contributing to food security for the region. ? Increasing the protection of the marine environment, through area-based conservation measures, such as marine protected areas or other effective conservation measures (MPA/OECM), improved ecosystem-based management, and sustainable fisheries, including habitat restoration initiatives and addressing climate change issues.? Upscaling ocean-based sustainable development & livelihoods/blue economies, through the implementation of micro-financing and other activities aimed at improving the health of coastal and marine ecosystems, catalyzing sustainable fisheries management and addressing pollution reduction in marine environments. Through these activities, the project is expected to contribute to poverty alleviation by improving the livelihoods for inhabitants of coastal communities in the region. ? Promoting interactive and participatory coordination for the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources that will support meaningful and inclusive participation of all segments of society, including marginalized individuals and groups, in its design, implementation and monitoring phases. The principle of inclusiveness and equity will be applied for all project activities.? Implementing measures for the use of ecosystem-based management (EBM) and the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). Both EBM and EAF promote the sustainability of marine resources and increase the socio-economic resilience of local inhabitants. ? Expanding the integration of planning efforts on the “Blue Economy” and Marine Spatial Planning across the region which is expected to assist with post COVID 19 and post hurricane economic recovery and contribute to improved measures on climate change mitigation and adaptation. REFERenCESAl Masroori, H., H. Al Oufi, J. McIlwain and E. McLean., “Catches of Lost Fish Traps (ghost fishing) from Fishing Grounds near Muscat, Sultanate of Oman,” Fisheries Research, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2004, pp. 407-414. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.05.014CLME Project. 2011. Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis, Cartagena: CLME Project. https://iwlearn.net/documents/7776Cohen, A. D., R. Raymond, A. Ramirez, Z. Morales, F. Ponce. The Changuinola peat deposit of northwestern Panama: a tropical, back-barrier, peat(coal)-forming environment. Int. J. Coal Geol. 12, 157–192 (1989).CRFM. 2012. Diagnostic Study to Determine Poverty Levels in CARICOM Fishing Communities - Policy Document. CRFM Technical & Advisory Document, Number 2012 / 3, Volume II. 25p.CRFM, 2016. Promoting Regional Trade and Agribusiness Development in the Caribbean: Case Studies on Linking Fisheries to Tourism-Related Markets. CRFM Technical & Advisory Document, No 2016 / 3. 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