Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 381 - 385 of 1046Regional Law No. 3126-KZ “On municipal land control by local government”.
This Regional Law establishes the following tasks and objectives of the municipal land control: (a) enforcement of land legislation ensuring observance of legislative provisions that envisage administrative and other liability; (b) prevention on unauthorized land possession; (c) control over land tenure with a view of conservation of precious land, agricultural land and protected areas; and (d) ensuring efficient land tenure.
Amended by: Regional Law No. 3205-KZ amending Regional Law No. 3126-KZ “On municipal land control by local government”. (2015-06-25)
Regional Law No. 8-OZ “On allotment of land parcels in ownership free of charge”.
This Regional Law establishes cases of allotment of land parcels, pertaining to public or municipal property, in ownership free of charge, and also maximum land parcel areas authorized for transfer in ownership to citizens. Public and municipal land parcels can be transferred in ownership to citizens once-only for the following purposes: (a) gardening and horticulture; (b) farming; and (c) individual housing construction.
Regional Law No. 18-OZ “On modalities of calculation of sale price of public land plots pertaining to the regional ownership and of land plots with undelimited ownership for the purpose of conclusion of purchase and sale contract land plot without publ...
This Regional Law establishes the following types of calculation of land price: (a) price of land for developer to whom land plot was previously allotted on lease shall be 3 percent of cadastre value of land; (b) price of land for non-governmental shall be 3 percent of cadastre value of land; and (c) price of plots of agricultural land allotted to natural or legal person on lease, upon expiration of three-year period in case of sale to them of such pl
Regional Law No. 815-OZ “On establishment of the price of land plots located within the boundaries of regional urban areas destined for agricultural production, without edifices or constructions thereon”.
This Regional Law establishes that price of purchase of land plots located within the boundaries of regional urban areas destined for agricultural production, without edifices or constructions thereon previously allotted to agricultural organization or to peasant farm on condition of permanent (open-ended) tenancy or on condition of life-long hereditary possession shall be set at fifteen percent of cadastre value of the aforesaid plots of land.
Order No. 238 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology validating the Instruction on calculation of environmental damages caused to soil.
This Order validates the Instruction for calculation of environmental damages caused to soil as a result of violation of environmental legislation and also in case of emergency situations of technological type and natural disasters. This Instruction shall be applicable to: (a) soil pollution by chemicals; (b) unauthorized waste disposal; and (c) unauthorized (unlawful) artificial covering of soil. It shall not be applicable to radioactive and biological soil pollution. The Instruction establishes calculation formula for soil pollution and methodology for calculation of damages.