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Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. Soviet policies reduced the number of ethnic Kazakhs in the 1930s and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) further skewed the ethnic mixture. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70% Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity, expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets, diversifying the economy, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.
Kazakhstan is a presidential republic.
Source: CIA World Factbook
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Displaying 16 - 20 of 69Ministerial Decree No. 233 validating the Regulation on determining and mapping coastlines.
This Ministerial Decree sets forth the modalities for the accurate determination and mapping of coastlines. The crossline between the surface of surface waterbodies (seas, lakes, rivers, ponds and water reservoirs) and the surface of dry land over a specified period of time shall delineate the coastline. Coastline of seas, lakes, rivers and water reservoirs can be permanent and steady; and impermanent and unsteady (average multiyear level). The coastline of the Caspian Sea shall be determined according to its average multiyear level.
Ministerial Decree No. 1037 regarding the validation of the Regulation on the modalities of compensation of losses agricultural production and forestry caused by expropriation of agricultural land and forests for the purposes not connected with agricul...
This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities of compensation of losses of agricultural production due to expropriation of agricultural land for purpose not connected with agriculture and forestry offsetting investments, made by legal or natural persons to whom was re-allotted expropriated land, for land reclamation in case of damages to fertile layer of soil. Amount of compensation shall be established shall be calculated as the difference between the cost of losses and the cost of investment for land reclamation.
Ministerial Decree No. 172 validating the Regulation on transfer of land of protected areas to reserve land.
This Ministerial Decree establishes that transfer of land or protected areas to reserve land category shall be prohibited except for cases of construction of the objects of tourism infrastructure envisaged by State planning documentation, construction of waterworks of strategic importance and construction of facilities along state border. Authorization for transfer of land of protected areas shall be issued only for plots of protected areas with restricted economic activities and shall be applicable in case of impossibility of alternative construction decisions.
Ministerial Decree No. 512 amending Ministerial Decree No. 890 regarding land valuation.
Annex 1 shall be amended as follows: (a) in the line “city of Astana” the number “1180” shall be substituted with the number “3400”; (b) in the line “city of Kyzylorda” the number “129” shall be substituted with the number “1230”; (c) in the line “city of Petropavlovsk” the number “114” shall be substituted with the number “1270”; and (d) in the line “city of Uralsk” the number “114” shall be substituted with the number “1140”.
Amends: Ministerial Decree No. 890 regarding land valuation. (2003-09-02)
Order No. 4-4/61 of the Ministry of Agriculture validating the Regulation on registration and production testing of pesticides (toxic chemicals) and state registration thereof.
This Order establishes the modalities of registration and production testing of pesticides (toxic chemicals) and state registration thereof. The aforesaid procedures shall include: (a) acceptance of applications; (b) organization of registration and production testing of pesticides (toxic chemicals) and toxicological assessment thereof; (c) evaluation of results; (d) state registration; and (e) issuance of registration certificate.