The main objective of ILRI's Sustainable Production Systems Programme is to improve human welfare through the development of more productive and Sustainable crop-livestock sytems in developing countries. The programmes' focus is on market-oriented smallholder crop-livestock systems. In order to improve the productivity and sustainability of these systems, biological, environmental and socio-economic constraints have to be overcome. Therefore, opportunities for changing the systems in a sustainable manner have to be carefully identified and chosen.

One of the major constraints for domesticating widely used wild tree resources by local communities is the lack of adequate propagation techniques. In the case of Vitex doniana, seed propagation has usually been reported difficult and vegetative regeneration is rarely explored. To understand how stem cutting size or hormone application affect the regeneration and early growth ability in that species we used two categories of cutting diameter (1cmVitex doniana to reduce the pressure on wild tree population in Benin.

The Sustaining inclusive Collective Action that Links across Economic and Ecological Scales in upper watersheds (Scales) project fits mainly in People and Water in Catchments Theme (Theme

2) of the CPWF. Its goal is to contribute to poverty alleviation in the upper watersheds of the

tropics through improved collective action for watershed resource management within and across

social-spatial scales. Scales worked though an integrated program of collaborative action

research, development, and capacity building in key catchments of the Nile and Andes basins, as