Lebanon

With an area of 10,452 square kilometers, Lebanon is considered one of the smallest countries in the Middle East. Lebanon's legal system is a unique blend of various legal traditions, including civil law, Islamic law (Sharia), Ottoman

Aldeia lacustre de Ganvié, no sul do Benim, foto de Linda De Volder (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Benin

In terms of land governance, Benin distinguishes itself by the recent adoption of three major laws in less than 10 years. After experimenting with a process of formalizing customary rights through village-based rural land plans and the

Jordan

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is recognized as one of the most water-deficient nations globally. Merely 4% of its land is considered arable and the country faces major challenges in the agriculture sector. The scarcity of water and

At the entrance to the Sahara, photograph by Dan Sloan (CC BY-SA 2.0 DEED)

Algeria

Algeria, Africa's largest country in terms of surface area, is almost 80% covered by the Sahara Desert. Algeria's rich history continues to shape the way land is accessed. Over time, the Algerian territory passed from Roman to Arab

Laos

Land-locked Laos has the lowest population density in Southeast Asia and livelihoods mostly rely on rice farming and non-forest products. In 2023, the remaining forest cover reached a historic low with 40%. As a result of the Turning

Aït Bouguemez Valley, High Atlas, photograph by Frank Vassen (CC BY 2.0)

Morocco

Nicknamed the "country of the distant sunset," due to its western location compared to Levant countries of the Middle East, Morocco is a Maghreb country characterized by a wide variety of natural environments. Its landscapes range from

Uruguay

Uruguay is one of the smallest countries in South America and is unofficially defined as the only one without a native indigenous population. Two phenomena have characterized land governance in Uruguay: the concentration of land in the

Egypt

Egypt’s total land area is 995,450 km2 while most of the population lives on less than 5% of the land. Only 3.6% of the land is arable and the remaining 96.4% is dominated by a vast desert plateau. By 2030, Egypt’s growing population

Togo

With a surface area of 56,790 km², Togo is one of the smallest countries on the African continent. Although land legislation is still influenced by the colonial legacy, one of the distinctive features of the Togolese system is the

Guatemala

In the indigenous Náhualt language, Guatemala means land of many trees. Today, the country retains its predominantly rural character, occupying most of its 108,888 km2 . Located in Central America, it borders Mexico, Belize, Honduras

Cuba

Land governance in Cuba has reflected the country's political history. The implementation of a socialist model since the Cuban Revolution resulted in the control of land ownership in the hands of the state or in the hands of cooperative

Costa Rica

Costa Rica stands out for its efforts to protect the environment, with 26% of its territory protected. This, together with increasing urbanisation, has had an impact on agriculture, a declining sector. Land governance poses challenges

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