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General
Lao PDR is a water rich country, benefitting from the water resources of the Mekong River, tributaries and many smaller water bodies that contribute greatly to national economic development and the livelihoods of local communities. While water demand remains low in terms of per-capita public consumption, in recent years, water resources have gained greater prominence due to the increasing role of hydropower and irrigation in economic development. Largescale construction of dams on the Mekong River and tributaries is expected to impact the hydrological profile and biodiversity of these systems and exacerbate the impact of projected climate change trends related to the flow regimes and by altering processes of erosion and sediment deposition. The total annual water flow in Lao PDR is estimated at 270 billion meters – equivalent to 35% of the average annual flow of the entire Mekong River Basin. Although classified as a low risk (89) on the global Climate Risk Index Lao PDR remains vulnerable primarily to hydrometeorological hazards. Seasonal flooding is common within the eight river basins across the country. Most vulnerable areas are the low-lying flood plains along the Mekong River and its major tributaries in the northern, central and southern regions. The majority of the population resides in rural areas with 72% (in 2015) of the working population employed in the agriculture sector. Poverty is concentrated in remote and rural areas, particularly those inhabited by ethnic communities. Predicted change in climate include increased rain fall of 10-30% andincreased frequency and intensity of extreme weather (floods and droughts). The Mekong and Sekong river basins are prone to regularflooding, exacerbated by deforestation and land degradation due toagricultural practices. Lao PDR has transitioned from a primarily disaster response approach to a risk management approach with the establishment of the National Disaster Prevention and Control Committee (NDPCC) and the National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) with the National Disaster Management Office acting as the Secretariat. A Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) wasalso established by decree in 2013. DRM structures at sub-national levels include Provincial Disaster Prevention and Control Committees (PDPCCs) district equivalents (DDPCCs) and at the village level, Village Disaster Prevention Units (VDPU). VDPUs act as the interface between communities and the government system and include representatives of community-based organizations (CBOs), traditional leaders and other community actors. Oxfam has extensive experience in working with these structures including for participatory vulnerability assessments and planning and linking these to the formal DRM structures. Key challenges include resourcing to the DRM structures, coordination between agencies and the need to integrate DRM approaches into development planning given the socio-economic needs in remote areas. Community-participatory DRM approaches are priorities to bridge the gap between formal and informal structures and in recognition of the challenges of service delivery in remote communities. Gender: Despite a policy environment that promotes genderequality (Law on Development and Protection of Women 2004 and Law on Preventing and Combatting Violence against Women and Children 2014) and an overall decrease in the inequality gap between women and men; women are still less likely to attain secondary education compared to men, are less likely to be literate compared to men and due to early marriage are more likely to drop out of school. During disasters women, particularly those from ethnic minorities, are disproportionately impacted partly because theyare more likely to operate in the informal economy, have less access to social protection systems and experience increased exposure to gender-based violence. Traditional beliefs and social norms limit the role women play outside the home and this also extends to DRM structures and practices where the perspectives of women and the role they can play may not be realised unless specific steps are taken. Riverine community vulnerability: Across the country communities in rural areas reliant on agricultural, fisheries and forest resource have heightened vulnerability to recurring hydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, drought, storms, land erosion, earthquakes and pandemics due to the increasing impact of climate change. Vulnerability is not evenwith women, ethnic minorities and remote communities considered more vulnerable. The increasing unpredictability of rain fall and flood patterns that irrigate fields, replenish fisheries and nurture forest and wetlands challenge traditional systems and practices require other forms of information and support to adapt livelihoods reliant on these resources and reduce the impact of extreme weather events. This requires strengthening ofcommunity capacity to understand and assess these changes and impact atthelocal level including the differential impact on women and other social groups; and to collectively plan inclusive strategies to adapt current livelihood practices and strategies while at the same time continuing their day-to-day smart livelihood activities. Local authority capacity: At the local level where policy meets implementation, there are key gaps particularly related to the interface between communities and formal DRM committees at the commune/local authority levels. The integration of investment in DRM and CCA into cyclical local development planning is a key gap despite existing policies that promote community-based approaches. This is largely due to competing priorities at this level and the need for meaningful participatory approachesto be effective that are often beyond the skill set, experience, and time availability/priorities of officials at this level. The integration of community perspectives and analysis into local development planning is also hindered by traditional top-down governmental approaches reflecting power differentials related to resources, roles and social hierarchy including gendered attitudes, norms, and behaviours. Access to data/information: Laos has invested in data gathering and dissemination systems for DRM using a range of hydro-meteorological data sources including rain and river gauges, remote sensing, and weather forecasting technology such as radar and satellite imagery. Delivery systems include pilot warning announcement via mobile messages, installationofloudspeakers at districts and villages, construction of flood protection barrier and warning systems, and various data sharing platforms targeting local DRM committees and riverine communities directly. Understanding what data is available, collected by whom and the social-political factors determining availability, accessibility, useability, and timeliness of data (includinggender, ethnicity, location etc) is of key importance as is incorporation of local and traditional knowledge and experience to inform how the data is used. The Strengthening Climate Resilience (SCR) project seeks to strengthen the resilience of communities living along the Mekong River and tributaries to impacts of climate change. This project builds upon Oxfam and partners’ existing work. SCR will work with riverine communities representing some of the most vulnerable in Luang Prabang and Champasak provinces. Specific communities are also selected based on Oxfam’s understanding of needs, and on existing relationships with projectpartners under the ongoing Inclusion Project Phase II (IP2).
HO-GROW Campaign 2019-2020
General
This project falls under Oxfam Novib's Strategic Partnership with the Dutch government and more specifically the Theory of Change for Right to Food, aiming to achieve impact for women, men and children living in poverty to realize their right to food. This project sits within a wider program that contains more projects that Oxfam Novib is engaged in. These initiatives firstly include the wider GROW campaign of Oxfam, which consists of work in some 30 countries as well as joint regional and global advocacy and campaigning,through the involvement of many Oxfam affiliates, Oxfam country teams, partners and allies. Secondly, they include activities thatare implemented in the context of broader alliances with contribution of multiple partners. This is a continuation of phase 1 of the project that took place 2016-2018. The GROW overarching goal for the period 2019-2020 is that by 2020, more governments, multilateral institutions and companies are implementing policies that promote sustainable food production and consumption, are supporting those most vulnerable to climate change, and are realising communities# rights to land. To this end 3 focus areas of work have been formulated 1) by 2020, more government funding for small scale food production and a greater proportion of private investment in agriculture is focused on helping, not harming, small scale food producers 2) by 2020, communities that are vulnerable to climate changehave greater access to adaption finance and other forms of support, and emissions from key sources are cut and 3) by 2020, women and communities in atleast 10 countries protect and realise their rights to land. This project focuses on four areas that are derivedfrom the overarching GROW objectives. Firstly, we will focus oninvestment in small-scale agriculture and adaptation to climate change. We will influence donors (including the Dutch national government) on ODA expenditure on agriculture and how to invest this money in (female) smallholder farmers to increase the resilience of livelihoods in the context of climate change and achieving food security. Second we will focus on the global food system by influencing and engaging the private sector for equitable, accountable and transparent agricultural value chains which among others includes work on Behind the Brands and IMVO (ICSR) covenants. Thirdly, we will focus on raising awareness and advancing the land rights of indigenous peoples and local communities through Land Rights Now, the Global Call to Action on Indigenousand community land rights, a worldwide alliance initiative of more than 400organizations and communities that aims at doubling the area of land formally recognized as owned or designated for indigenous peoples and local communities by 2020, which includesa strong focus on women#s land rights. Moreover, we will influence international financial institutions and Dutch stakeholders to improve their land policies and we will contribute towards the implementation and monitoring of the Voluntary Guidelines onthe Responsible Governance of Land, Fisheries and Forests, and the 2030 Agenda, including through supporting national level advocacy and promoting the participation of women and community representatives in international processes. Finally, acrossall our thematic work we will aim to raise public awareness, and creating public pressure where appropriate together with our partners and allies. Women#s rights are central to the long term outcomes we want to achieve, and prominent in our analysis on landrights, investments in agriculture and climate change. Women are the main group of beneficiaries we are aiming to lift out of poverty as a result of the GROW campaign. Emphasis is given in proper gender analysis; research, data and story gathering that capture the voice of women; campaign and communication material that profiles women#s voice; supporting the participation of women in international fora. To achieve our outcomes we will use different strategies, ranging from monitoring, advocacy, dialogues,campaigning and publicengagement, knowledge generation and sharing, networking, and movement building. We work with and support partners and allies at country (non-Dutch) level, through Oxfam country teams. This includes Nigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam active in the GROW campaign and having a project in the Strategic Partnership under the Theory of Change Right to Food.
OI Land Rights Policy Lead 2018
General
Oxfam's GROW campaign works for the billions of us who eat food and for the more than one billion poor men and women who grow it. Through our global campaign, we address inequality in the global food system. Our overall objective is that people living inpoverty claim power in the way the world manages land, water, and climate change, so that they can grow or buy enough food to eat # now and in the future. We support local communities to claim back their power, earn a living income, and to grow or buy food by ensuring investments in rural people. By ensuring investments in rural people, we support them in overcoming the dramatic impacts of climate change on agriculture, allowing them to thrive. GROW focusses on change at national levels and on opportunities to achieve internationalimpact. More specifically, by 2019 we aim for more governments, multilateral institutions and companies implementing policies that promote sustainable food production and consumption, while supporting those most vulnerable to adapt to climate change, and helping communities# realise their rights to land with a particular focus on women who produce much of the world#s food. To ensure that the Sustainable Development Goals, including zero hunger, become a reality, we need innovative ideas that hold a promise of a better future for many # not just a privileged few. We believe there are key factors that drive hunger and inequality: unfair distribution within value chains, insecure land rights, climate change, gender inequality and ever more young people desperate for opportunities leaving rural areas. Oxfam's GROW campaign tackles the key sources in the broken global food system by working to mobilise impacted communities and active consumers alike. Since the launch of the GROWcampaign in 2011 more than 10 million people have been reached through on- and offline campaign activities and a multitude of people has been reached through media coverage. We are proud of the achievements of GROW. We gave small-scale female farmers a voice; through the Behind the Brands campaign significant new commitments have been made by big food and beverage companies to improve social and environmental standards in their vast supply chains; we are proud of our contribution to keep climate finance, especially for adaptation and resilience, on the agenda of the global climate negotiations at COP21 in Paris; and we recently celebrated a land mark victory as the Constitutional Court in Colombia recognized the Land Rights of the indigenous community Cañamomo Lomaprieta and granted protection for ancestral mining activities. An overview of our results can be found on the interactive map. Oxfam is at the beginning of a new phase of the GROW campaign (2017 # 2020). Throughoutthe years, we have been actively updating our context analysis, testing drivers of change, reflecting on models of campaigning, addressing new key actors, and, exploring new alliances. Nonetheless, now more than ever we feel the need to increase our impact and change systemic driversof inequality in the food system. In this document, we present three innovative work streams running until at least 2020. 1. A new worldwide campaign addressing inequality in food value chains (expected launch October 2017) 2. The LandRightsNow campaign 3. Effective adaptation finance to support women farmers. These three projects have received seed funding from inter alia SIDA and we are currently looking for opportunities to up-scale them between 2017-2020 to reach our ultimate objectives. Wewantto note that this document does not present the future direction of the entire GROW campaign but presents three selected trajectories (2017 # 2020) where innovation is key.
Women’s Economic Advancement for Collective Transformation (WeACT)
General
To support and enable rural women#s voices to ensure access to and control over their productive resources across Africa. Specific objectives:(1) To monitor actions taken by governments in key countries, and Regional Economic Communities, implementing relevant AUinstruments (listed in 1.1.2); (2) To facilitate the strengthening of women#s voices at community level in the face of Large Scale Land Based Investments (LSLBI); (3) To strengthen Pan-African-level civil society leadership and advocacy in support of securing land rights for women and communities. The proposed Action will support Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to contribute to a better enforcement of women#s rights, to implement AU priority policies in the target area and to facilitate the inclusion of women#s land rights priorities in the elaboration of such policies. This consortium of applicants believes strongly that gender discrimination in land rights prevents women from realizing the full benefit from their hard work and it is a constraint on Africa#s development. Thisis also anchored in broader instruments of the African Union, including the Constitutive Act of the AU, especially Article 4-l, on the promotion of gender equality; the African Land Policy Initiative#s Gender Strategy (LPI-GS) for the operationalisation of the Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa; the implementation of the AU#s Guiding Principles on Large Scale Land-Based Investments (GP-LSLBI); the Protocol on Women#s Rights towards achieving Africa#s Agenda 2063, the Maputo Protocol, and the AU Declaration on Land Issues and Challenges in Africa. If successfully implemented, these AU instruments will significantly boost the struggle of securing women#s land rights on the continent and there is certainly a role to play for CSOs to make this happen. Clearly, African governments have the leverage to AU instrument implementation and negotiate desirable investments and national parliaments need to play a strong oversight role on land rights and forms of agricultural investment. In order to do this effectively, African government officials concluded at the 2014 Conference on Land Policy in Africa that there was a need to create spaces for engagement with civilsociety. This action seeks to contribute and strengthen the advocacy agenda of the CSOs platform established in December 2014; and actively engaging the Land Policy Initiative. At the same time, Oxfam and its consortium partners realize that in order to have successful advocacy and monitoring taking place there is a need to also have a bottom-up approach, to capture grass-root experiences. This project will thus train CSOs to support women and communities to deal with national governments and private sector investors regarding LSLBIs. A recently developed gendered Community Guide to Participating in Large Scale Land Investments will be made available for this. As such, women and communities will have an increased say in these investments, as well as being able to send a strong message to their governments, private sector, and the African Union. This action#s main objective is to support and enable rural women#s voices to ensure access to and control over their productive resources across Africa. Each of the specific objectives (see table 1.1.1.) has a set of linked activities which will be implemented over a 3 year (36 months) period, which is required in order to rollout the capacity building around LSLBI and to implement the programme of monitoring, in such a way that it generates evidence for sustained civil society advocacy leading to change at country and AU level. The action using is using a combination of capacity development of CSOs (for example, development of generic materials to support multi-country monitoring, CSO training of trainers module on the use of the gendered LSLBI tool; workshops with existing national/regional platforms; CSO platform members supported to promotemonitoring/community engagement), community sensitisation/ awareness raising (for example, annual public events to draw attention to progress made; support community training and lessons learned; national workshops involving women from communities), advocacy and monitoring (support periodic participatory monitoring activities to generate national monitoring reports inthe form of scorecards) and research (aggregate results from national monitoring work, integrating experiences from the community engagement work, and publishing of continental reports). Key stakeholders groups include women in rural communities who areoften not consulted on issues related to land and deprived of their land rights; regional, national and local organisations and networks representing the interests of women, small-holder farmers, and rural communities in general, who can improve their roleas representatives and defenders of Women Land Rights (WLR); national and local government actors are involved in land governance and land deals, in particular national investment agencies, and ministries of land and agriculture; traditional authorities are also often involved, on behalf of communities; companies involved in LSLBI, in particular agribusiness and investors in agriculture; the relevant African Union-level organs, especially the Land Policy Initiative (LPI), can also play a role, particularly in relation to monitoring and implementation of strategies and norms. Their buy-in to credibly support monitoring and accountability of gendered policies and standards, as well as to support community engagement which is empowering of women (in line with the aims of this action) could lead to negotiations that privilege and protects WLR. This consortium is ideally placed to address the above issues, and is geographically well spread. Oxfam has a long history of supporting work to improve land governanceacross Africa. It helped found many of the national land alliances, has a long track record of working on WLR, and more recently, in addressing the policies and practices of the private sector when it comes to land issues. For this project, the consortiumalso will make use of Oxfam#s AU Liaison Office in Addis Ababa. PROPAC helps to mobilise rural women from across Africa to seek accountability from decision makers at national and continental level. PROPAC, which is basedin Cameroon, will serve as aleadorganisation to mobilise and coordinate other CSOs involved in the action in the target countries through their membership of the International Land Coalition (ILC) and the Pan African Farmers Organization (PAFO). The Institute forPoverty, Land andAgrarian Studies (PLAAS) from South Africa is a university-based research institute which conducts research, training and policy engagement on the social, political and economic dynamics of rural and agro-food system restructuring in Southern Africa.
Land Governance in Cambodia
General
The NGO Forum on Cambodia (NGOF) works to improve life for poor and vulnerable people in Cambodia. It is a membership organisation that builds NGO cooperation and capacity, supporting NGO networks and other civil society organizations to engage in policydialogue,debate and advocacy. With this project, NGOF is responsible to lead coordinating the consultation process for the draft AgricultureLand Law with a number of local and international NGOs and farmers in Cambodia. The goal of the project is to enhance meaningful participation of civil society organizations and farming communities with qualified inputs in constructive dialogue for the improvement of the draft Agriculture Land Law and especially to collect inputs from stakeholders for improving thedraft law. The project expected that a) practical consultation tools of Agriculture Land Law will be produced and oriented for three consecutively regional consultations. b) Legal analysis recommendation report will be consolidated as one for influence and dialogue with government. c) Participants will have opportunities to share comments, experiences and conditions of actual geographical regions in terms of legal aspects and socio-economic conditions reflecting the draft law; d) Participants will be able to gather good comments and ideas from stakeholders for inclusion as important substances in order for the drafting process to become even better and appropriate within the Cambodian context.