Devolution is one form of decentralization. Decentralization is defined as the process of dispersing power from the centre to lower levels of government. The other forms of decentralization include de-concentration, delegation and privatization. De-concentration transfers implementation powers to lower regions or sub- national units that implement decisions made at the centre. The responsibility for service delivery and decision making under delegation is passed to semiindependent territorial or sub-national units.

Public participation is an action or a series of actions a person takes to involve themselves in affairs of government or community. These activities include voting, attending meetings, participating in public or private political discussion or debate on issues, signing a petition on a desired government action or policy, volunteering in community activities and contributing money to a political party or candidate of one’s choice among other similar activities.

The constitution of Kenya 2010 established a devolved system of governance with 47 County governments. The constitution in schedule four also transfers service delivery in health, water and agriculture sector among other functions to county governments.

Kenya’s land governance system is fashioned to facilitate land expropriation for the few and powerful who continue to resist reforms.

This is despite the fact that the dynamics of land reform are driven by apprehensions of mischief associated with the history that explains why the National Land Commission was established with mandate, independent of the Executive.

CAPITALISM

From the British conquest, Kenya’s land governance system was never meant to be inclusionary and equitable.

The Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT), was developed under the Committee on World Food Security as a result of collaboration among different groups of stakeholders – governments, civil society, private sector, academia. The VGGT is intended to provide a framework for responsible tenure governance that supports food security, poverty alleviation, sustainable resource use and environmental protection.

In the five years since the Voluntary Guidelines on the responsible Governance of Tenure (VGGT) was endorsed, the Guidelines have inspired policy and legal reforms in countries, from Gabon to Guatemala, making a real difference to people's lives.

This paper is work in progress and draws from previous research. The paper supports the public lecture on Sustainable Land Governance in Support of the Global Agenda given at Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) on 4 March 2016.

The Organising Committee of the Dutch Land Governance Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue has commissioned an investigation into the need and possibility to develop a protocol on fair compensation in cases of legitimate land tenure changes, with a focus on expropriation. This is in line with the Ministry’s role in the Land Governance Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue. This dialogue involves government, civil society, business, finance and academia.

The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) set out internationally-accepted principles and standards for responsible practices, providing a framework for governments, the private sector and civil society to use when developing policies and programmes for improving food security.

The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) set out internationally-accepted principles and standards for responsible practices, providing a framework for governments, the private sector and civil society to use when developing policies and programmes for improving food security.

Les Directives Volontaires sur la Gouvernance Responsable des Régimes Fonciers applicables aux Terres, aux Pêches et aux Forêts dans le Contexte de la Sécurité Alimentaire Nationale (DVGF) ont défini des principes et des standards internationalement reconnus pour des pratiques responsables, fournissant un cadre aux gouvernements, au secteur privé et à la société civile à utiliser pour l’élaboration de politiques et de programmes visant à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire.

Les Directives Volontaires sur la Gouvernance Responsable des Régimes Fonciers applicables aux Terres, aux Pêches et aux Forêts dans le Contexte de la Sécurité Alimentaire Nationale (DVGF) ont défini des principes et des standards internationalement reconnus pour des pratiques responsables, fournissant un cadre aux gouvernements, au secteur privé et à la société civile à utiliser pour l’élaboration de politiques et de programmes visant à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire.