Ces dix dernières années, le Mozambique est devenu une cible privilégiée de la ruée mondiale vers les terres. Les investissements croissants dans les secteurs de l’exploitation minière, des hydrocarbures, des plantations de forêts et de l’agriculture industrielle visent le plus souvent des terres rurales qui, en vertu du droit coutumier, sont détenues par les communautés locales. En découlent de fréquents conflits entre les communautés et les investisseurs.

Mozambique has become a hot spot in the global rush for land in the last decade. Growing investments in sectors such as mining, hydrocarbons, forest plantations and industrial agriculture most often target rural land held by local communities under customary law, and conflicts between communities and investors often arise. Existing laws regulating land are poorly implemented and enforced, which is due to the power imbalances existing between the government, companies and local communities.

Sustainable agricultural approaches such as agroecology can help producers increase productivity while protecting the environment and strengthening resilience to climate change. Nonetheless, policymakers rarely support them on a large scale and take-up remains low. This report analyses the factors determining the adoption of sustainable practices in Mozambique, exploring whether a common understanding of ‘sustainable agriculture’ exists, how this is reflected in policy and practice, and what drives farmers (not) to adopt them.

A gestão directa ou indirecta da terra é realizada por actores diversos, como seja, aqueles que intervêm nas Comunidades Locais (artigo 24 da Lei de Terras de 1997), os titulares dos direitos sobre a terra (singulares, investidores) etc, para além da Administração Pública (AP). Contudo, o papel de gestão da terra reservado a AP é muito importante e estratégico.

The mainstay of this report, however, is not so much an examination of the extractive industries themselves as an examination of the Mozambican government’s and society’s ability to handle the impacts of these industries and where capacity growth is most urgently needed. In this regard, this investigation looks at three principal areas. The first area is about maximizing the receipts that reach legitimate government coffers. This includes the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, which ensures that company and governmentpayments match.

Os objectivos específicos deste projecto consistem na assistência à interpretação do actual enquadramento legislativo de Moçambique (no contexto de projectos de GNL) e no apoio ao desenvolvimento de um quadro jurídico que permita aos projectos de GNL desenvolverem se assegurando, ao mesmo tempo, um resultado positivo para o país.

Foi recentemente aprovada uma nova Lei de Petróleos, a Lei nº 21/2014, de 18 de Agosto. Nos termos desta lei, compete ao Governo regulamentar as matérias nela constantes, no prazo de 60 dias (artigo 70). Tendo sido elaborada uma Proposta de Regulamento da Lei de Petróleos, cumpre-nos analisar a conformidade da mesma com a lei, assim como tecer comentários sobre o novo regime, confrontando, sempre que necessário, com a legislação anterior.

O objectivo último deste relatório é encorajar mais e maior investimento na terra, incluindo encontrando formas de tornar o acesso à terra mais fácil para os investidores privados. No seguimento de uma análise abrangente da lei da terra e de outras leis pertinentes, o relatório identifica problemas com o quadro jurídico existente e propõe “opções e recomendações para melhorar os instrumentos legais actuais, com vista a agilizar os procedimentos administrativos para obtenção fácil do aceso à terra (DUAT) e promover o investimento na terra”.

Este Road Map tem como objectivo propôr os aspectos principais e os passos a seguir para iniciar, acompanhar e contribuir para uma revisão da actual Lei de Terras (LT -Lei 19/97 de 199 de Outubro). A revisão da Lei implica também a subsequente revisão dos instrumentos implementadores, nomeadamente Decretos e Diplomas Ministeriais conexos aprovados desde 1997.

The objective of this Road Map is to propose the main aspects to consider and steps to take to initiate, monitor and contribute to the review of the current Land Law (LL – Law 19/97, of October 1). The review of this law entails the subsequent review of its implementing instruments, namely the associated Decrees and Ministerial Diplomas approved since 1997.

In Mozambique, the debate on agrofuels has steadily advanced over the last five years, fueled by industry speculation and demand, grand promises and foreign interests. Investors have applied for rights to close to 5 million hectares in Mozambique in 2007 alone, nearly one-seventh of the country’s officially defined “arable” land and is rushing to create favorable conditions for investors at the cost of civil rights of Mozambicans.

Mozambique is set to become a world-class natural resource exporter with projections indicating that it will experience rapid increases in windfall revenues over the next several decades and well beyond. While this is welcome news for a low-income country with a substantial proportion of the population below the poverty line, it foreshadows some economic management problems ahead. The main concern is the poor economic record of many other low-income countries with large natural resource endowments.