Pakistan

Under demands from Islamic nationalists, present-day Pakistan was created from the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, and then the secession of Bangladesh in 1971. The total land area is 770,875 km2, not including disputed regions of Jammu and Kashmir (claimed by both Pakistan and India). Borders are to India, China, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Arabian Sea to the south. There is a rich diversity of landscapes, including mountains, desert, and river delta areas. Nevertheless, Pakistan is mainly a dry-land country, 80% arid or semi-arid, and with high levels of water scarcity.