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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Federal Law No. 93-FZ amending some legislative acts regarding land ownership.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 25.2 of the Federal Law No. 122-FZ on state registration of immovable property and its transactions shall acquire a new wording: “The grounds for the state registration of the ownership right to a plot of land shall be: (a) deed on allotment of a plot of land; (b) land certificate attesting the right of citizen to a plot of land; (c) vidimus issued by the local self-government (if the plot of land has been allotted for subsidiary small-holding); (d) any other certificate attesting the right of citizen to a plot of land”. Article 28 of the Federal Law No.

Federal Law No. 53-FZ amending Land Code, Federal Law No. 122-FZ on state registration of immovable property and its transactions and repealing some legislative acts.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

In the item 2 of the Article 16 of the Land Code the wording “Federal Law No. 101-FZ on delimitation of state property on land” shall be substituted with the wording “the present Code and federal laws”. Chapter IV of the Federal Law No.

Federal Law No. 154-03 amending some legislative acts regarding management of the forest estate land.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

In the item 6 of the Article 58 of the Land Code the wording "the use of forest stock and (or) expropriation of the forest estate land" shall be substituted with the wording "forest management or transfer of the forest estate land into other land categories". In the paragraph 2 the wording "management of the forest stock and (or) expropriation therefrom the forest estate land" shall be substituted with the wording "forest management or transfer of the forest estate land into other land categories".

Amends: Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001). (2001-10-25)

Federal Law No. N 173-03 amending article 17.1 of the Law No. 2395-I on subsoil.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 17.1 shall acquire a new wording: “The right of use of the plots of subsoil shall be transferred to another entrepreneurial entity in case of the reorganization of legal person managing the aforesaid plots of subsoil or cessation of activity.”

Amends: Law No. 2395-I on subsoil. (2004-06-29)