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The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the Irish Republic's withdrawal from the union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999. The latter was suspended until May 2007 due to wrangling over the peace process, but devolution was fully completed in March 2010.


The UK was an active member of the EU from 1973 to 2016, although it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. However, frustrated by a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens on 23 June 2016 narrowly voted to leave the EU. The so-called “Brexit” will take years to carry out but could be the signal for referenda in other EU countries where skepticism of EU membership benefits is strong.

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Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (No. 4) (England) Order 2013 (S.I. No. 2435 of 2013).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

This Order amends, in relation to England only, the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 with respect demolition in conservation areas, which will require planning permission. Such demolition is “relevant demolition” for the purposes of section 196D of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, is not permitted development for the purposes of the Principal Order.

Amends: Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order (S.I. 418 of 1995). (1995-02-22)

Town and Country Planning (Public Path Orders) Regulations 1993 (S.I. No. 10 of 1993).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations provide a with respect to public path orders an order made under section 257 (footpaths and bridleways affected by development: orders by other authorities) or 258 (extinguishment of public rights of way over land held for planning purposes) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990.

Town and Country Planning General (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1997 (S.I. No. 3006 of 1997).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations amend, in relation to England and Wales, regulations 14 of the Town and Country Planning General Regulations 1992 in relation to expenses for the recovery of land, which is in a condition adversely affecting the amenity of a neighbourhood. Under section 215 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, a local planning authority may in certain circumstances serve a notice on the owner and occupier of such land, requiring steps to be taken within a specified period to remedy its condition.

Town and Country Planning General (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1992 (S.I. No. 1982 of 1992).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations amend, in relation to England, the Town and Country Planning General Regulations 1992, by stipulating that a grant of planning permission for development which falls within regulation 3 of those Regulations (other than development of any land by an interested planning authority or by an interested planning authority jointly with another person specified in the planning application) is attached to the land and shall be for the benefit of all persons for the time being interested in it.

Public Path Orders Regulations 1993 (S.I. No. 11 of 1993).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations, also made under the Acquisition of Land Act 1981, provide a new regime for public path creation orders, public path diversion orders and public path extinguishment orders made under sections 26, 119 and 118 respectively of the Highways Act 1980, and for orders made under section 32 of the Acquisition of Land Act 1981 extinguishing non-vehicular rights of way. The Regulations prescribe forms and procedures for orders, and also provides for concurrent proceedings preliminary to confirmation to be taken in the case of specified orders.