Coastal areas are particularly sensitive because they are complex, and related land use conflicts are more intense than those in noncoastal areas. In addition to representing a unique encounter of natural and socioeconomic factors, coastal areas have become paradigms of progressive urbanisation and economic development. Our study of the infrastructural mega project of Patimban Seaport in Indonesia explores the factors driving land use changes and the subsequent land use conflicts emerging from large-scale land transformation in the course of seaport development and mega project governance.

This study examined 19 urban land consolidation areas in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, as well as cost-equivalent lands auctioned off from 2013 to 2019. Hierarchical linear modeling was used for analysis, in which the Level 1b variables pertained to cost-equivalent land and the Level 2 variables pertained to land consolidation areas. According to the empirical results, in terms of the estimation results, there were significant differences between the mean price of each urban land consolidation area. Therefore, HLM is suitable for the subsequent analysis.

With 15–20% of Indonesian oil palms located, without a legal basis and permits, within the forest zone (‘Kawasan hutan’), international concerns regarding deforestation affect the totality of Indonesian palm oil export. ‘Forest zone oil palm’ (FZ-OP) is a substantive issue that requires analysis and policy change.