Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 161 - 165 of 1046Regional Law No. 661-5-ZKO “On minimum and maximum land areas of agricultural land allotted for farming”.
This Regional Law establishes that maximum land area of agricultural land out of stock of public and municipal land allotted for farming shall be 400 ha, and minimum land area shall be 0,3 ha.
Regional Law No. 1497 VH-I “On allocation of territory for pastoralism”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of allocation of agricultural lands for grazing, transhumance and pastoralism and is aimed at specific and rational management of grazing grounds, conservation and improvement of grasses, prevention of soil erosion and land degradation, desertification, other negative anthropogenic impact and conservation and reproduction of natural landscapes. Grazing grounds destined for pastoralism shall be classified as winter, spring-autumn and summer.
Regional Law No. 2158-OZ amending Regional Law No. 976-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Minimum land area of consolidated agricultural land plot shall be 1 ha, if not otherwise envisaged by acting federal legislation and by this Regional Law”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 976-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2009-05-04)
Regional Decree No. 45-pp “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.
This Regional Decree establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure. The scope of inspection shall be to control compliance by land tenant with compulsory legislative requirements related to land tenure with a view of prevention and suppression of unauthorized transactions with land.
Regional Law No. 36-kz “On regulation of grazing and pastoralism of cattle and poultry”.
This Regional Law sets forth rules and regulations for grazing and pastoralism for cattle and poultry and is aimed at ensuring rational management of pastures, protection of agricultural land and crops against damages caused by cattle and poultry. Grazing and pastoralism on the regional territory shall be authorized on enclosed pastures and on open ranges (common pastures) on the leash or unleashed but guarded by the owners or authorized persons with the consideration and in compliance with maximum allowable rates of grazing pressure.