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The review of efficiency indicators of farmlands use was given. Their classification was analyzed and positive and negative sides of their various kinds were considered. Efficiency dependence of farmland use on value of specialization factor was investigated. Offers on perfection of system of the indicators characterizing rationality and efficiency of application of farmlands were made and also new approaches to an estimation of economic efficiency of their use were offered. The research was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. As a result of realized research it was revealed that at calculation of the relation of result of economic activities to quantity of land resources it was necessary to differentiate in more details the areas of farmland concerning production of plant growing and animal industries; to use indicators of specialization as the indirect indicators characterizing influence of various factors on efficiency of farmland use. As the indicators of economic efficiency characterizing use of farmlands it was necessary to use average weighted on the land area profitability, and also the profitability calculated on the basis of profit and the cost price of realized production of average weighted on area lands.