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Chine

La Chine est aujourd'hui la deuxième plus grande économie du monde et a vu l'adaptation d'une économie planifiée centralement pour permettre l'entreprise et le capital privés. Cette évolution se reflète dans son régime foncier officiel, représenté par un système dual avec des terres appartenant à l'État dans les zones urbaines et des terres appartenant à des collectifs d'agriculteurs dans les zones rurales.
Lire la fiche du pays
Indicateurs socio-économiques tout parcourir
Superficie du terrain
942,470,300 ha
PIB/habitant
17,602.7 USD
Population totale
1,412,360,000
Population urbaine
59.2 %
Indicateurs fonciers tout parcourir
Terres agricoles
56.1 %
Perception de la sécurité foncière
75.1 %
Forêts primaires
11,632,400 ha

More on this country

Chine. Les tracteurs permettent de réduire la main-d'œuvre, mais le bétail reste essentiel au maintien des pratiques agroécologiques. Guizhi Xiong@Greenpeace
Réflexions sur l’évolution du système agroalimentaire chinois
11 Avril 2023
Photo:  Guizhi Xiong /Greenpeace (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 (link is external)) Angus Lam a rejoint GRAIN en 2022 après avoir travaillé plus de 25 ans en Chine et dans toute l’Asie en soutien à des mouvements pour une alimentation locale, des systèmes de semences communautaires, des réseaux paysans de co-…
Vers la déforestation de la planète
29 Juillet 2022
Le bois fait l’objet d’une très forte demande, et cette demande s’intensifie régulièrement, notamment pour le conditionnement, le secteur du bâtiment, les bioplastiques et la bioénergie. Mais selon une nouvelle étude, il n’est déjà plus possible de faire face à la demande de manière durable.  Selon…
Quand la "ruée sur les terres" en Afrique nuit aux populations locales et à l’environnement
25 Mai 2022
L'écrasante majorité des investissements fonciers en Afrique ne prend pas suffisamment en compte les populations locales, d'après un rapport du Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement paru lundi. Une situation qui a aussi des conséquences négatives pour…

Chine

projects

Browse all
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Solidaridad
Solidaridad

General

Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

To support developing countries to implement international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and harmful chemicals as integral elements of sustainable development. GEF’s other activities include sustainable forest management, international waters and protecting the ozone layer.

Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas
3725334.629
Project duration:
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

To conserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity by strengthening management of the Union of Comoros newly created Protected Areas Network through effective co-management with communities for sustainable development

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga
4734107.935
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

Conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar through strengthened management of the New Protected Areas (Category V), with active engagement by communities, and enforcement to reduce the rate of IWT and poaching

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices
28752.52749
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Project develops strategies and participatory processes with stakeholder perspectives to be used in adaptation and mitigation measures required to tackle climate change, assessing climate data and traditional land management methods in Yemen. SDG 13

Objectives

Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.

Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis
103982.4518
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Working in the context of Dixie, SA, the research centres around land rights issues, creating an archive of personal reflections and lived experiences and to build local research capacity – improving welfare of the region. SDG:16

Objectives

Soil, water and energy management for resilient livelihoods
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Organisational Capacity Support- Remuneration for EC Project Accountant
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
LTS International
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

The Liberia law society (LLS) is one of CAFOD Liberia’s implementing partners in the Land Rights for Liberia project funded by the European Union. As part of our responsibility to our partners we support them in building the organizational capacity so as to best support our projects implementation as well as develop in their own programming and financial management needs.

Supporting the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fis
3400000
Project duration:
to
United States dollar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Government of the United Kingdom

General

Technical assistance and monitoring regional activities SACAU
18470.30618
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Provide technical assistance and monitoring of We Effect supported activities within the framework of the SACAU programe, including organisational development, establishment of regional platform for nation land rights based CSO, cotton and dairy associations and regional trainings on lobby and principled negotiations.

Objectives

Progress results will be reported by the end of the year.

0
Donors:
Solidaridad
Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Solidaridad
Solidaridad

General

Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

To support developing countries to implement international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and harmful chemicals as integral elements of sustainable development. GEF’s other activities include sustainable forest management, international waters and protecting the ozone layer.

Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas
3725334.629
Project duration:
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

To conserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity by strengthening management of the Union of Comoros newly created Protected Areas Network through effective co-management with communities for sustainable development

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga
4734107.935
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

Conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar through strengthened management of the New Protected Areas (Category V), with active engagement by communities, and enforcement to reduce the rate of IWT and poaching

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices
28752.52749
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Project develops strategies and participatory processes with stakeholder perspectives to be used in adaptation and mitigation measures required to tackle climate change, assessing climate data and traditional land management methods in Yemen. SDG 13

Objectives

Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.

Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis
103982.4518
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Working in the context of Dixie, SA, the research centres around land rights issues, creating an archive of personal reflections and lived experiences and to build local research capacity – improving welfare of the region. SDG:16

Objectives

Soil, water and energy management for resilient livelihoods
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Organisational Capacity Support- Remuneration for EC Project Accountant
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
LTS International
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

The Liberia law society (LLS) is one of CAFOD Liberia’s implementing partners in the Land Rights for Liberia project funded by the European Union. As part of our responsibility to our partners we support them in building the organizational capacity so as to best support our projects implementation as well as develop in their own programming and financial management needs.

Supporting the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fis
3400000
Project duration:
to
United States dollar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Government of the United Kingdom

General

Technical assistance and monitoring regional activities SACAU
18470.30618
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Provide technical assistance and monitoring of We Effect supported activities within the framework of the SACAU programe, including organisational development, establishment of regional platform for nation land rights based CSO, cotton and dairy associations and regional trainings on lobby and principled negotiations.

Objectives

Progress results will be reported by the end of the year.

0
Donors:
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Solidaridad
Solidaridad

General

Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

To support developing countries to implement international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and harmful chemicals as integral elements of sustainable development. GEF’s other activities include sustainable forest management, international waters and protecting the ozone layer.

Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas
3725334.629
Project duration:
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

To conserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity by strengthening management of the Union of Comoros newly created Protected Areas Network through effective co-management with communities for sustainable development

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga
4734107.935
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

Conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar through strengthened management of the New Protected Areas (Category V), with active engagement by communities, and enforcement to reduce the rate of IWT and poaching

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices
28752.52749
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Project develops strategies and participatory processes with stakeholder perspectives to be used in adaptation and mitigation measures required to tackle climate change, assessing climate data and traditional land management methods in Yemen. SDG 13

Objectives

Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.

Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis
103982.4518
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Working in the context of Dixie, SA, the research centres around land rights issues, creating an archive of personal reflections and lived experiences and to build local research capacity – improving welfare of the region. SDG:16

Objectives

Soil, water and energy management for resilient livelihoods
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Organisational Capacity Support- Remuneration for EC Project Accountant
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
LTS International
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

The Liberia law society (LLS) is one of CAFOD Liberia’s implementing partners in the Land Rights for Liberia project funded by the European Union. As part of our responsibility to our partners we support them in building the organizational capacity so as to best support our projects implementation as well as develop in their own programming and financial management needs.

Supporting the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fis
3400000
Project duration:
to
United States dollar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Government of the United Kingdom

General

Technical assistance and monitoring regional activities SACAU
18470.30618
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Provide technical assistance and monitoring of We Effect supported activities within the framework of the SACAU programe, including organisational development, establishment of regional platform for nation land rights based CSO, cotton and dairy associations and regional trainings on lobby and principled negotiations.

Objectives

Progress results will be reported by the end of the year.

3725334.629
Donors:
Global Environment Facility
Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Solidaridad
Solidaridad

General

Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

To support developing countries to implement international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and harmful chemicals as integral elements of sustainable development. GEF’s other activities include sustainable forest management, international waters and protecting the ozone layer.

Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas
3725334.629
Project duration:
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

To conserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity by strengthening management of the Union of Comoros newly created Protected Areas Network through effective co-management with communities for sustainable development

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga
4734107.935
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

Conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar through strengthened management of the New Protected Areas (Category V), with active engagement by communities, and enforcement to reduce the rate of IWT and poaching

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices
28752.52749
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Project develops strategies and participatory processes with stakeholder perspectives to be used in adaptation and mitigation measures required to tackle climate change, assessing climate data and traditional land management methods in Yemen. SDG 13

Objectives

Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.

Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis
103982.4518
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Working in the context of Dixie, SA, the research centres around land rights issues, creating an archive of personal reflections and lived experiences and to build local research capacity – improving welfare of the region. SDG:16

Objectives

Soil, water and energy management for resilient livelihoods
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Organisational Capacity Support- Remuneration for EC Project Accountant
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
LTS International
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

The Liberia law society (LLS) is one of CAFOD Liberia’s implementing partners in the Land Rights for Liberia project funded by the European Union. As part of our responsibility to our partners we support them in building the organizational capacity so as to best support our projects implementation as well as develop in their own programming and financial management needs.

Supporting the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fis
3400000
Project duration:
to
United States dollar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Government of the United Kingdom

General

Technical assistance and monitoring regional activities SACAU
18470.30618
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Provide technical assistance and monitoring of We Effect supported activities within the framework of the SACAU programe, including organisational development, establishment of regional platform for nation land rights based CSO, cotton and dairy associations and regional trainings on lobby and principled negotiations.

Objectives

Progress results will be reported by the end of the year.

4734107.935
Donors:
Global Environment Facility
Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Solidaridad
Solidaridad

General

Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

To support developing countries to implement international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and harmful chemicals as integral elements of sustainable development. GEF’s other activities include sustainable forest management, international waters and protecting the ozone layer.

Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas
3725334.629
Project duration:
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

To conserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity by strengthening management of the Union of Comoros newly created Protected Areas Network through effective co-management with communities for sustainable development

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga
4734107.935
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

Conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar through strengthened management of the New Protected Areas (Category V), with active engagement by communities, and enforcement to reduce the rate of IWT and poaching

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices
28752.52749
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Project develops strategies and participatory processes with stakeholder perspectives to be used in adaptation and mitigation measures required to tackle climate change, assessing climate data and traditional land management methods in Yemen. SDG 13

Objectives

Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.

Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis
103982.4518
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Working in the context of Dixie, SA, the research centres around land rights issues, creating an archive of personal reflections and lived experiences and to build local research capacity – improving welfare of the region. SDG:16

Objectives

Soil, water and energy management for resilient livelihoods
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Organisational Capacity Support- Remuneration for EC Project Accountant
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
LTS International
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

The Liberia law society (LLS) is one of CAFOD Liberia’s implementing partners in the Land Rights for Liberia project funded by the European Union. As part of our responsibility to our partners we support them in building the organizational capacity so as to best support our projects implementation as well as develop in their own programming and financial management needs.

Supporting the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fis
3400000
Project duration:
to
United States dollar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Government of the United Kingdom

General

Technical assistance and monitoring regional activities SACAU
18470.30618
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Provide technical assistance and monitoring of We Effect supported activities within the framework of the SACAU programe, including organisational development, establishment of regional platform for nation land rights based CSO, cotton and dairy associations and regional trainings on lobby and principled negotiations.

Objectives

Progress results will be reported by the end of the year.

28752.52749
Donors:
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
Acting Now for Food Security and Resilient Food Systems
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Solidaridad
Solidaridad

General

Global Environment Facility 8th Replenishment
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database)
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

To support developing countries to implement international agreements on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and harmful chemicals as integral elements of sustainable development. GEF’s other activities include sustainable forest management, international waters and protecting the ozone layer.

Biodiversity protection through the Effective Management of the National Network of Protected Areas
3725334.629
Project duration:
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

To conserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity by strengthening management of the Union of Comoros newly created Protected Areas Network through effective co-management with communities for sustainable development

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas and Improved Livelihoods to Combat Wildlife Trafficking in Madaga
4734107.935
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), United Nations Development Programme
Global Environment Facility

Objectives

Conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar through strengthened management of the New Protected Areas (Category V), with active engagement by communities, and enforcement to reduce the rate of IWT and poaching

Other

Note: Disbursement data provided is cumulative and covers disbursement made by the project Agency.

Target Groups

Mitigating climate change effects through traditional land management practices
28752.52749
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Project develops strategies and participatory processes with stakeholder perspectives to be used in adaptation and mitigation measures required to tackle climate change, assessing climate data and traditional land management methods in Yemen. SDG 13

Objectives

Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.

Land rights in rural South Africa: Creating a record of practice in an ongoing crisis
103982.4518
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Working in the context of Dixie, SA, the research centres around land rights issues, creating an archive of personal reflections and lived experiences and to build local research capacity – improving welfare of the region. SDG:16

Objectives

Soil, water and energy management for resilient livelihoods
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative
IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

Organisational Capacity Support- Remuneration for EC Project Accountant
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
LTS International
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

The Liberia law society (LLS) is one of CAFOD Liberia’s implementing partners in the Land Rights for Liberia project funded by the European Union. As part of our responsibility to our partners we support them in building the organizational capacity so as to best support our projects implementation as well as develop in their own programming and financial management needs.

Supporting the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fis
3400000
Project duration:
to
United States dollar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Government of the United Kingdom

General

Technical assistance and monitoring regional activities SACAU
18470.30618
Project duration:
to
Euro
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

General

Provide technical assistance and monitoring of We Effect supported activities within the framework of the SACAU programe, including organisational development, establishment of regional platform for nation land rights based CSO, cotton and dairy associations and regional trainings on lobby and principled negotiations.

Objectives

Progress results will be reported by the end of the year.

103982.4518
Donors:
Other organizations (Projects Database)
  • 0
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  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

La Chine, qui est le pays le plus peuplé du monde, est confrontée à un défi majeur : la rareté des terres. Dans ce pays, les questions foncières portent non seulement sur la manière de nourrir la population croissante mais aussi sur la manière de parvenir à un aménagement de qualité grâce à une utilisation régionale des terres."

Une histoire de maïs : Tracer une chaîne de valeur, de l'utilisation des terres aux rayons des supermarchés
13 Mai 2022
  Le maïs est une culture commerciale mondiale essentielle, produite sur tous les continents sauf l'Antarctique. En tant que culture flexible, il a de multiples usages, notamment pour la consommation humaine directe, comme ingrédient pour l'alimentation animale, comme composant clé des aliments…